Adaptive control of backlash in a vehicle powertrain

ABSTRACT

A system and method for controlling backlash in a vehicle powertrain includes the step of controlling a torque request of the powertrain with a first control strategy after an occurrence of a backlash predictor and prior to an occurrence of backlash. The first control strategy is modified when backlash occurs during the first control strategy. The torque request is controlled with the modified first control strategy after another occurrence of a backlash predictor and before another occurrence of backlash.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a system and method for adaptive control of backlash in a vehicle powertrain.

BACKGROUND

In an automotive powertrain, fast and smooth transitions of the driveline's backlash region following a torque increase request can be challenging because of uncertainties in operational parameters such as input torque, driveline friction and the size of the backlash, just to name a few. These uncertainties vary from vehicle to vehicle and even within the same vehicle as it ages. As a result, it may be difficult to determine when the driveline is in the backlash region and when the backlash region has been traversed. One system for detecting a lash zone is described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,037,329, issued on 19 May 2015 and entitled Lash Zone Detection in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Other systems and methods may be employed for determining backlash, but in at least some of these, the adjustments that are made to the driveline torque to control the backlash may result in a lowering of the pre-lash requested torque to decrease the rate that the driveline passes through backlash. This decrease in backlash transition rate combined with the uncertainties described above may lead to an unacceptably slow tip-in response to achieve a smooth backlash transition. It would therefore be desirable to have a system and method for controlling backlash in a vehicle powertrain that overcomes at least some of these issues.

SUMMARY

In at least some embodiments, a method for controlling backlash in a vehicle powertrain includes the step of controlling a torque request of the powertrain with a first control strategy after an occurrence of a backlash predictor and prior to an occurrence of backlash. The first control strategy is modified when backlash occurs during the first control strategy, and the torque request is controlled with the modified first control strategy after another occurrence of a backlash predictor and before another occurrence of backlash.

In at least some embodiments, a method for controlling backlash in a vehicle powertrain includes the step of reducing at least one of a duration or a maximum torque level of a first control strategy for controlling a torque request of the powertrain when the first control strategy is implemented after an occurrence of a backlash predictor and before an occurrence of backlash, and backlash occurs before completion of the first control strategy.

In at least some embodiments, a system for controlling backlash in a vehicle powertrain includes a control system, including at least one controller. The control system is configured to implement a first control strategy for a torque request after an occurrence of a backlash predictor and before occurrence of a backlash. The control system is further configured to modify the first control strategy when backlash occurs during the first control strategy, and implement the modified first control strategy after another occurrence of a backlash predictor and before another occurrence of backlash.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a hybrid electric vehicle including a control system in accordance with embodiments described herein;

FIGS. 2A and 2B show torque diagrams for the implementation of embodiments of control systems and methods described herein;

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart illustrating an adaptive control strategy in accordance with embodiments described herein for controlling backlash during one time period in the course of the backlash event;

FIGS. 4A and 4B show lookup tables that can be used as part of the adaptive control strategy illustrated in the flowchart in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 shows a flowchart illustrating an adaptive control strategy in accordance with embodiments described herein for controlling backlash during different time period in the course of the backlash event;

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart illustrating an adaptive control strategy in accordance with embodiments described herein for controlling backlash during the lash crossing; and

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart illustrating an adaptive control strategy in accordance with embodiments described herein during a time period immediately following completion of backlash.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale; some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a hybrid vehicle 10 according to an embodiment. The vehicle 10 includes an engine 12, and an electric machine, which, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, is a motor generator (M/G) 14, and alternatively may be a traction motor. The M/G 14 is configured to transfer torque to the engine 12, to the vehicle wheels 16, or both.

The M/G 14 is connected to the engine 12 using a first clutch 18, also known as a disconnect clutch or the upstream clutch. A second clutch 22, also known as a launch clutch or the downstream clutch, connects the M/G 14 to a transmission 24, and all of the input torque to the transmission 24 flows through the launch clutch 22. Although the clutches 18, 22 are described and illustrated as hydraulic clutches, other types of clutches, such as electromechanical clutches may also be used. Alternatively, the clutch 22 may be replaced with a torque converter having a bypass clutch, as described further below. In different embodiments, the downstream clutch 22 refers to various coupling devices for the vehicle 10 including a traditional clutch, and a torque converter having a bypass (lock-out) clutch. This configuration may use an otherwise conventional automatic step-ratio transmission with a torque converter and is sometimes referred to as a modular hybrid transmission configuration.

The engine 12 output shaft is connected to the disconnect clutch 18, which in turn is connected to the input shaft for the M/G 14. The M/G 14 output shaft is connected to the launch clutch 22, which in turn is connected to the transmission 24. The various components of the vehicle 10 are positioned sequentially in series with one another. The launch clutch 22 connects the vehicle prime movers to the driveline 26. As shown in FIG. 1, the driveline includes the transmission 24, differential 28, vehicle wheels 16, and their interconnecting components. For purposes of powertrain control, and in particular calculating and using driveline twist, the definition of the driveline may be extended to include the engine output shaft 25—i.e., the crankshaft—the input shaft 27 to the M/G 14, and the M/G output shaft 29.

In another embodiment of the vehicle 10, the downstream clutch 22 is a bypass clutch with a torque converter. The input from the M/G 14 is the impeller side of the torque converter, and the output from the torque converter to the transmission 24 is the turbine side. The torque converter 22 transfers torque using its fluid coupling, and torque multiplication may occur depending on the amount of slip between the impeller and turbine sides. The bypass or lock-up clutch for the torque converter may be selectively engaged to create a mechanical or frictional connection between the impeller side and the turbine side for direct torque transfer. The bypass clutch may be slipped and/or opened to control the amount of torque transferred through the torque converter. The torque converter may also include a mechanical lockup clutch.

In the vehicle 10, the launch clutch 22 or bypass clutch for the torque converter may be locked to increase fuel efficiency, and may be locked when crossing a lash zone during a tip in or tip out event. The drivability and control of the effect of lash crossing within the driveline depends on the control of the powertrain torque from the engine 12 and/or the electric machine 14. M/G 14 torque may be controlled to a greater accuracy and with a faster response time than engine 12 torque. During an electric-only mode of operation for the vehicle 10, the M/G 14 torque may be controlled when crossing a lash zone. During a hybrid mode of operation of the vehicle with both the engine 12 and M/G 14 operating, the M/G 14 torque and engine 12 torque may be controlled together in order to improve drivability of the vehicle 10 and reduce the effect of lash crossing in the driveline.

In the representative embodiment illustrated, the engine 12 is a direct injection engine. Alternatively, the engine 12 may be another type of engine or prime mover, such as a port injection engine or fuel cell, or use various fuel sources, such as diesel, biofuel, natural gas, hydrogen, or the like. In some embodiments, the vehicle 10 also includes a starter motor 30 operatively connected to the engine 12, for example, through a belt or gear drive. The starter motor 30 may be used to provide torque to start the engine 12 without the addition of torque from the M/G 14, such as for a cold start or some high speed starting events.

The M/G 14 is in communication with a battery 32. The battery 32 may be a high voltage battery. The M/G 14 may be configured to charge the battery 32 in a regeneration mode, for example when vehicle power output exceeds driver demand, through regenerative braking, or the like. The M/G 14 may also be placed in a generator configuration to moderate the amount of engine 12 torque provided to the driveline 26. In one example the battery 32 is configured to connect to an external electric grid, such as for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) with the capability to recharge the battery from an electric power grid, which supplies energy to an electrical outlet at a charging station. A low voltage battery may also be present to provide power to the starter motor or other vehicle components, or low voltage power may be provided through a DC to DC converter connected to the battery 32.

In some embodiments, the transmission 24 is an automatic transmission and connected to the drive wheels 16 in a conventional manner, and may include a differential 28. The vehicle 10 is also provided with a pair of non-driven wheels, however, in alternative embodiments, a transfer case and a second differential can be utilized to positively drive all of the vehicle wheels.

The M/G 14 and the clutches 18, 22 may be located within a motor generator case 34, which may be incorporated into the transmission 24 case, or alternatively, is a separate case within the vehicle 10. The transmission 24 has a gear box to provide various gearing ratios for the vehicle 10. The transmission 24 gearbox may include clutches and planetary gearsets, or other arrangements of clutches and gear trains as are known in the art. In alternative embodiments, the transmission 24 is a continuously variable transmission or automated mechanical transmission. The transmission 24 may be an automatic six speed transmission, other speed automatic transmission, or other gearbox as is known in the art.

The transmission 24 is controlled using a transmission control unit (TCU) 36 or the like to operate on a shift schedule, such as a production shift schedule, that connects and disconnects elements within the gear box to control the gear ratio between the transmission output and transmission input. The gear ratio of the transmission 24 is the ideal torque ratio of the transmission 24. The TCU 36 also acts to control the M/G 14, the clutches 18, 22, and any other components within the motor generator case 34.

An engine control unit (ECU) 38 is configured to control the operation of the engine 12. A vehicle system controller (VSC) 40 transfers data between the TCU 36 and ECU 38 and is also in communication with various vehicle sensors. The control system 42 for the vehicle 10 may include any number of controllers, and may be integrated into a single controller, or have various modules. Some or all of the controllers may be connected by a controller area network (CAN) or other system. The control system 42 may be configured to control operation of the various components of the transmission 24, the motor generator assembly 34, the starter motor 30 and the engine 12 under any of a number of different conditions, including in a way that minimizes or reduces the effect of lash crossing in the driveline 26 and impact on the driver during tip in or tip out events.

Under normal powertrain conditions, that is with no subsystems/components faulted, the VSC 40 interprets the driver's demands—e.g., PRND and acceleration or deceleration demand—and then determines the wheel torque command based on the driver demand and powertrain limits. In addition, the VSC 40 determines when and how much torque each power source needs to provide in order to meet the driver's torque demand and to achieve the operating points (torque and speed) of the engine 12 and M/G 14.

The vehicle 10 may have speed sensors 44 positioned at various locations of the powertrain and driveline 26. The speed sensors 44 provide information to the control system 42 regarding the rotational speed of a shaft in approximately real time, although there may be some lag due to response time, and signal and data processing. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, there is a speed sensor 44 that measures the speed of the engine output-shaft 25 (ω_(eng)), the speed of the M/G 14 input shaft 27 (ω_(m)), the speed of the transmission input-shaft 46 (ω_(in)), the speed of the transmission output-shaft 48 (ω_(out)), and the speed of one or both of the axles connected to the wheels 16 (ω_(final)).

As a part of the control strategy or algorithm for operation of the vehicle 10, the control system 42 may make an engine 12 torque request (τ_(eng)), a M/G 14 torque request (τ_(m)), or both, as shown in FIG. 1. The net transmission input-torque (τ_(in)) is composed of the electric motor torque and engine torque (τ_(in)=τ_(m)+τ_(eng)), assuming that the disconnect and launch clutches 18, 22 are locked. Also show in FIG. 1 is the transmission output-torque (τ_(out)) and the wheel torque (τ_(final)).

In alternative configurations, the clutch 22 may be replaced with a torque converter unit including a torque converter and a lockup clutch or bypass clutch. The torque converter has torque multiplication effects when certain rotational speed differentials exist across the torque converter. During torque multiplication, the output torque of the torque converter is larger than that of the input torque due to torque multiplication across the torque converter. Torque multiplication exists for example, when the vehicle 10 is started from rest and the input shaft to the torque converter begins to rotate, and the output shaft from the torque converter is still at rest or has just begun to rotate.

The lockup clutch or bypass clutch is used to lock out the torque converter such that the input and output torques for the downstream torque transfer device 22 are equal to one another, and the input and output rotational speeds for the device 22 are equal to one another. A locked clutch eliminates slipping and driveline inefficiency across the torque converter, for example, when the rotational speed ratio across the torque converter is greater than approximately 0.8, and may increase fuel efficiency for the vehicle 10.

Changing torque amounts and/or directions may cause disturbances or oscillation in the driveline 26 associated with lash crossing. Backlash may occur in a vehicle driveline 26 whenever one of the wheel 16 torque and power plant 12, 14 torque change direction from the other. This change in torque direction may occur with the vehicle 10 operating with both the disconnect clutch 18 and the launch clutch 22, or lock out clutch for the torque converter, in a locked or engaged position. For example, when vehicle 10 is decelerating, the compression braking effect of the engine 12 provides negative torque to the transmission 24 which is then passed through the differential 28 and then to the wheels 16. At this point, the driveline 26 is wrapped in the negative direction. If the driver provides a power request, or tip in, using the accelerator pedal, the engine 12 torque switches from negative to positive as it begins to supply torque to propel the vehicle 10 forward. The driveline 26 unwraps, as each driveline component changes from transmitting negative torque to transmitting positive torque. At some point during this transition, the driveline 26 passes through a relaxed state with zero torque applied to the wheels 16.

During this zero torque region, gear teeth in the transmission 24 and/or differential 28 may not be tightly coupled with their mating gears and there may be some play in the driveline 26. Play across multiple sets of gears acts as cumulative. As the engine 12 continues to provide positive torque, the driveline 26 will wrap in the positive direction. The gears may be quickly coupled resulting in a clunk. Also, the axle connecting the differential 28 to a wheel 16 may twist slightly as a result of higher torque on the differential 28 side of the axle compared to the wheel 16 side. The axle may act as a torsional spring to store this energy. As the vehicle 10 begins to accelerate, the wheel 16 torque catches up to the torque at the differential 28, and any energy stored in the axle is released quickly causing an oscillation in the opposite direction, or backlash. The result of this backlash crossing is a clunk or noise when the gear teeth hit together, and a reduction in wheel torque when the axle energy is expended. The clunks and oscillations may be noticed by a driver depending upon their severity. For a driveline with multiple gear meshes arranged in series, each gear mesh may have a lash zone. The lash in the driveline cascades or progresses through the gear meshes. After a gear mesh is engaged, the subsequent gear mesh crosses through a lash zone as the torque reversal goes through. Backlash may include main gear lash as well as subsequent gears.

The scenario described above can also happen in the opposite direction. In this case, the driver would be providing a power request, such as a tip in of the accelerator pedal for vehicle acceleration, and then suddenly removing the power request by releasing the accelerator pedal through a tip out. The driveline 26 goes from being wrapped in the positive direction to being wrapped in the negative direction, with a similar torque dip or hole and clunk during the transition. The effect of the backlash crossing due to sudden acceleration is typically more noticeable than sudden deceleration.

FIG. 2A shows a torque diagram 50 for the implementation of control systems and methods associated with embodiments of the invention described herein. Like other control strategies and methods described herein, the control strategy and method associated with the torque diagram 50 in FIG. 2A can be used with vehicle powertrains such as the hybrid electric vehicle powertrain illustrated in FIG. 1, or other hybrid electric, electric, or conventional powertrains. Such powertrains may include engines, transmissions and drive wheels, such as the engine 12, M/G 14, transmission 24 and drive wheels 16 depicted in FIG. 1, or may include different components depending on the configuration. The timeline shown in FIG. 2A is divided into four different zones. The first two zones cover a time period prior to backlash occurring, zone 3 covers the time period during which backlash is occurring, and a zone 4 covers the time period after backlash is complete and the powertrain torque-request returns to an unfiltered level.

Turning to FIGS. 2A and 2B an implementation of a control strategy and method are illustrated. A more detailed description of a control strategy and method associated with the diagrams in FIGS. 2A and 2B is found in U.S. patent application publication no. 2017/0355360 entitled: System and Method for Controlling Backlash in a Vehicle Powertrain, filed on 13 Jun. 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The solid line 52 in diagram 50 shows the driver-requested torque; while the dashed line 54 shows the filtered torque-request—i.e., the torque request that is controlled in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. In general, this embodiment provides a multi-tier torque request level that quickly increases torque when a torque request is received—e.g., when a tip-in occurs—reduces the torque request level in a second zone, and finally reduces it again during the time that backlash is occurring.

FIG. 2B shows a torque diagram 56 similar to the torque diagram 50 shown in FIG. 2A. The solid line 58 shows the unfiltered driver-requested torque, while the dashed line 60 shows the filtered torque-request. The difference between the diagrams 50, 56 is that the control strategy described by diagram 50 may be advantageously used when a torque converter or downstream clutch—see element 22 shown in FIG. 1—is open, or transitions from a locked state to an open state, while the control strategy described by diagram 56 may be used when the torque converter or downstream clutch is locked. As shown in the two diagrams 50, 56, both control systems provide a multi-tiered torque request level to address the issue of backlash; however, the torque is held generally constant—albeit at different levels—in each of the first three zones in diagram 50, while it is ramped up through each of the zones in the control system illustrated in diagram 56.

Turning to FIG. 3, a flowchart 62 illustrates a first control strategy in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. In the discussion of the various methods illustrated in the flowcharts in FIGS. 3-6, it is understood that these methods may be implemented by a control system, such as the control system 42 described above, or other vehicle powertrain control systems in different powertrain configurations. The method starts at step 64 and then a determination is made at decision block 66 as to whether certain “enable conditions” are met. In general, this is a determination as to whether the backlash control strategy is needed for the particular situation. One way to view the “enable conditions” is to consider them met when a “backlash predictor” has occurred. There are a number of conditions that indicate a backlash is likely to occur, for example, upon tip-in when a driver torque request is increased, and the current torque level is negative. In this situation, the increase in torque resulting from the tip-in may cause driveline components to engage harshly, leading to an undesirable effect on the vehicle operator. Other situations in which backlash is likely to occur are described above, and include changes in torque direction, the engaging or disengaging of various clutches in the driveline, decreasing vehicle speed and regenerative braking, just to name a few.

If the “enable conditions” are met, the method moves from the decision block 66 to step 68 where certain variables are calculated. In particular, a number of inputs are used to determine the zone 1 torque level, the duration of zone 1, and whether the torque request should be ramped or remain constant. The inputs used for these determinations may include such parameters as the driveline temperature, a current gear of the transmission, the road grade, and the driver requested torque. In addition, the determination of whether or not a ramped torque is desired—i.e. whether the control strategy will follow the filtered torque request 54 shown in the diagram 50, or whether it will follow the filtered torque request 60 shown in diagram 56—will be based on an input as to whether the torque converter or other downstream clutch is open or locked. The driveline temperature may be estimated by using a number of related parameters, such as the transmission oil temperature, the rear differential temperature, and the ambient temperature. The parameters used for the determinations made at step 68 may be entered into a lookup table accessible by the control system to determine a torque level corresponding to the various measured or estimated input parameters.

In the example shown in FIG. 2A, both the filtered torque request 54 and the unfiltered torque request 52 are negative prior to point 51, which occurs before the beginning of zone 1. Therefore, if a tip-in occurs at this point along the timeline, it may be considered that the enable conditions are met. Here the unfiltered torque request 52 increases rapidly until it meets the level of torque requested by the tip-in. In contrast, the filtered torque request 54 increases more slowly until the beginning of zone 1, indicated by the point 53. In the implementation shown in the diagram 50, the beginning of zone 1 is where the torque converter or other downstream clutch begins to open. In contrast, the beginning of zone 1 in diagram 56 is indicated by the point 53′ and does not include the torque converter or other downstream clutch opening because the strategy shown in diagram 56 maintains the locked converter or clutch throughout its implementation.

Returning to the flowchart 62 shown in FIG. 3, once the appropriate determinations are made, the torque level is applied at the beginning of zone 1 as shown in step 70. As implemented in the control strategy illustrated in diagram 50, the torque request is quickly raised to a level indicated by point 55, which is a level that will provide a very high probability—given the uncertainties of certain measured parameters as described above—that the driveline will transition into the backlash region if the torque is applied for a sufficient duration. In at least some embodiments, the torque level indicated by point 55 may be 20 Newton meters (Nm), and may be brought to this level as quickly as possible without introducing an undesirable driveline disturbance, and while ensuring that the filtered torque request does not exceed the unfiltered torque request.

As described above, the torque level may be retrieved from a lookup table after the input parameters are known. The lookup table may have torque level values determined based on desired goals for controlling the backlash. The filtered torque request level for zone 1—e.g., the values used in a lookup table—may be obtained by determining the maximum requested torque that can be applied to quickly unwind the driveline and get near to the start of lash, without producing a “torque hole” feel when the torque is dropped to the zone 2 torque, and without allowing the torque request to be too low so as to cause a delay in the torque response. This maximum requested torque may be determined, for example, from empirical data, theoretical models, or some combination.

In the control strategy illustrated in the diagram 50, the torque request level is held constant for the remainder of zone 1; whereas, in the strategy illustrated in the diagram 56, the torque request level increases throughout the duration of zone 1. Initially, there may be a steep increase in the torque request to the point 55′, although it is still at a lower torque request level than the torque request level indicated by point 55. As described above, the torque request level may be controlled to increase throughout zone 1 when the converter or other downstream clutch is locked. As shown in the diagram 56, the filtered torque request strategy 60 continues to increase throughout the remainder of zone 1 until it reaches a maximum at point 57′. The rate of increase in the torque request shown in the diagram 56 may be determined by any method effective to achieve the desired torque request control. In at least some embodiments, this determination may be made based in part by the torque delivery uncertainty of the engine, the motor, or both. If, for example, the torque uncertainty is determined to be +/−10 Nm, then the torque rate would be in the range of the entire uncertainty, which is 20 Nm over the entire lash crossing event. If the desired lash crossing event was, for example, 100 milliseconds (ms), then the torque rate would be selected to be in the range between 0 and 200 Nm/s.

The next step in the flowchart 62 shown in FIG. 3 is a determination made at decision block 72 as to whether the duration of zone 1 has been exceeded—i.e., whether or not its planned duration is complete. If the duration is complete, the method moves onto the zone 2 control labeled “A” in FIG. 3 and described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 5. If it is determined at decision block 72 that the duration of the zone 1 control strategy is not complete, the method moves to step 74 where a decision is made as to whether certain “adaption enable conditions” are met. These may include for example, an analysis of wheels speeds, whether the transmission is in a gear change, or other parameters that would affect the reliability of the information regarding the powertrain being in the lash zone—e.g., the quality of the twist speed and angle information. The twist speed is the speed of twisting of the driveline, which can be determined, for example, from the difference between the driveline input speed—i.e., the engine crankshaft speed—to the driveline speed at the wheels. A similar determination can be made regarding the twist angle of the driveline.

If the determination at decision block 74 is made that the enable conditions are met—which would indicate that the information regarding the lash zone traversal was highly reliable—the strategy moves to decision block 76 where it is determined whether the powertrain is still in the lash zone or whether lash is complete. If the answer to both of these is no, the method loops back to step 70 where the zone one torque level and potentially ramp level are applied. If it is determined at decision block 76 that the powertrain is either in the lash zone or has already completely traversed the lash zone and lash is complete, the method moves to step 78, which is described in more detail below. If the determination at decision block 74 is made that the enable conditions are not met, the strategy moves to step 80, where the determination is still made as to whether the powertrain is in the lash zone or whether the lash is complete. If it is determined at step 80 that the lash is not completed and the powertrain is not in the lash zone, then the method loops back to step 70, which is the same as when there is a negative result at decision block 76. If, however, at decision block 80 it is determined that the powertrain has either completed the lash or is still in the lash zone, then the method moves onto the zone 3 control labeled “B” in FIG. 3 and described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 6.

Returning to step 78 and FIG. 3, a determination is made as to adaption torque levels and adaption torque durations for the first control strategy in zone 1. As part of this determination, a number of inputs may be used, for example: whether the powertrain is still in the lash zone or whether lash is complete, the current torque request level, the current transmission gear, information regarding the road grade, the driveline temperature, and the torque converter state. Other inputs may be used or fewer of these inputs may be used, as desired to modify the determination of the adaption levels. In general, if the duration of the first control strategy completes without the powertrain entering the lash zone, the method moves to implement the second control strategy for zone 2. If, however, lash is entered before completion of the zone 1 control strategy, this control strategy is modified—i.e. adapted—to try to ensure that in the next iteration the zone 1 control strategy will complete before lash is entered.

FIG. 4A shows a lookup table 82 with adaption levels for modifying the torque request level implemented by the zone 1 strategy. As noted above with regard to the inputs for step 78, a great number of inputs may be considered when determining the adaption levels. For the lookup table 82, the values are based on a particular driveline temperature, a particular transmission gear, and the torque converter being in an open state. Thus, use of the table 82 is based on the values of the inputs received at step 78. As shown in FIG. 4A, for the current torque level—i.e. the torque level applied in the zone 1 strategy at step 70—and the current vehicle speed, a positive or negative adaptive torque value in Newton meters is determined. This adaptive torque value is then used to modify the zone 1 control strategy, for example, at step 68 so that in the next iteration of the zone 1 control strategy the torque request will be controlled with a modified version of the control strategy after another occurrence of a backlash predictor and before another occurrence of backlash.

In addition to modifying the torque request level of the zone 1 control strategy, the duration of the zone 1 control strategy can also be modified using the adaptive control strategy described herein. FIG. 4B shows another lookup table 84, the use of which is also based on particular levels of driveline temperature, transmission gear and torque converter state. Similar to the table 82, the table 84 may also be used to make the determination described in conjunction with step 78 shown in FIG. 3. With regard to the table 84, current torque values used by the zone 1 control strategy and current vehicle speed are used to determine a modifier for the duration of the zone 1 control strategy the next time it is implemented. As shown in FIG. 4B, the lookup table 84 includes positive and negative values of time (in seconds) that can be applied to the duration of the zone 1 control strategy, for example, at step 68 as shown in FIG. 3.

Although step 78 in FIG. 3 describes determining adaption levels for torque levels and durations of the zone 1 control strategy, different implementations may adapt only torque, only the duration, or both in order to modify the zone 1 control strategy. For example, using the lookup table 84, a duration of the zone 1 control strategy may be increased or reduced; this may be the extent of the modification to the zone 1 control strategy. Alternatively, using the lookup table 82, the zone 1 control strategy may be modified such that before adaption it increases the filtered torque request to a first predetermined level, but after adaption, the first predetermined level is increased or reduced. In yet another implementation, the zone 1 control strategy may be adapted by increasing or reducing its duration and also increasing or reducing the first predetermined level of the torque request.

As noted above, if the zone 1 control strategy completes its duration—see step 72 in FIG. 3—the method moves on to a second control strategy—i.e., the zone 2 control strategy illustrated in the flowchart 86 in FIG. 5. The second control strategy is implemented after the first control strategy and before the occurrence of backlash—i.e., it is implemented after the zone 1 control, assuming that the lash zone was not entered during zone 1. Similar to step 68 and the first control strategy, a determination is made at step 88 as to what the desired torque level for the zone 2 control will be. The same or similar inputs may be used to make this determination as were used in the determination at step 68 for the zone 1 control—i.e., driveline temperature, a current gear of the transmission, the road grade, and the driver requested torque, or others. The zone 2 torque request may be obtained, for example, by determining the maximum twist speed for each gear and vehicle speed that will still allow the twist speed from upcoming zone 3 to be achieved following the start of lash.

Once the determination is made at step 88, the torque request level is applied during zone 2 as shown in step 90—this corresponds to the torque request level being reduced and moving from points 57, 57′ to the points 59, 59′ as shown in the diagrams 50, 56, respectively. As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the torque request level at zone 2 is below the highest torque request level obtained during the first control strategy of zone 1. Similar to the zone 1 strategy, the zone 2 control strategy holds the torque request constant throughout the duration of zone 2 if the converter or other downstream clutch is open, such as shown in the diagram 50; conversely, the torque request level is increased throughout the zone 2 strategy if the converter or downstream clutch is locked, such as shown in the diagram 56. The rate of increase in the torque request level throughout zone 2—from the point 59′ to the point 61′—may be determined as described above with regard to the rate of increase for zone 1, although other ways of determining this rate may be used.

As described above, the inputs received at step 88 will be used to determine the zone 2 torque request level, but in general the torque request level will be reduced after zone 1 and before the lash zone is entered so that once the lash zone is entered, it will be easier to provide a smooth transition through the backlash region. If the torque request was to remain at the level at the end of zone 1, indicated by the points 57, 57′, it may be difficult to control the powertrain through the lash region without undesirable driveline disturbances occurring. To continue the example provided above, if the zone 1 maximum torque request level is 20 Nm, it may be reduced at the start of the zone 2 control to a level of approximately 10 Nm.

After the torque request level is applied at step 90 in the flow chart 86 shown in FIG. 5, the method moves to step 92 where a calculation of the duration of the zone 2 control strategy is made. During the first iteration or application of the zone 2 control strategy, this time may be based on the various inputs received at step 88, with a desired goal of completing the zone 2 control just as the lash zone is entered. For further iterations of this step 92, the same inputs may be considered, but adaptive values may be applied to modify it from the first iteration. After the zone 2 time is determined at step 92, the method moves to step 94, where determination is made as to whether certain adaption enable conditions are met. These may be, for example, the same conditions that were used in step 74 illustrated in FIG. 3 and described in detail above; however, they may consist of different combinations or different conditions entirely as desired.

If the determination is made at decision block 94 that the adaption enable conditions are not met, the method moves to step 96, where determination is made as to whether the lash is already completed. If it is, the control strategy moves to the zone 4 strategy labeled “C” and described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 7. If it is determined at decision block 96 that the lash is not complete, the control strategy moves to step 98 where it is determined whether the zone 2 time has completed. If it has, the strategy then moves to the zone 3 strategy, labeled “B” and described in detail below in conjunction with FIG. 6. If, however, the zone 2 control strategy has not reached its time limit, a determination is made at step 100 as to whether the powertrain is currently in the lash zone. If it is, the strategy again moves to the zone 3 control strategy, but if it is not, the strategy loops back to step 92 and repeats the subsequent steps.

Returning to step 94, if it is determined that the adaption enable conditions are met, the strategy moves to step 102 where a determination is made as to whether lash is already complete. If it is not, the strategy moves to step 104 where a determination is made as to whether the zone 2 control strategy has reached its time limit, and if not, the strategy moves to step 106 where determination is made as to whether the powertrain is currently in the lash zone. If it is determined at step 106 that the powertrain is not in the lash zone, the control strategy loops back to step 92 and repeats the subsequent steps. If any of the three steps 102, 104, 106 yields a positive result, the strategy moves to step 108 where the zone 2 adaption torque levels are determined.

Although step 108 only includes torque level adaption, other embodiments may include both torque level and duration adaption similar to step 78 shown in FIG. 3. In addition, because both zone 1 and zone 2 control strategies have been implemented, the adaptions determined at step 108 may include either or both of the zone 1 and zone 2 strategies. Thus, in future iterations of the zone 1, zone 2, or both control strategies, a modified version of the applicable control strategy or strategies may be implemented after the adaption levels are determined. The inputs for the determinations made at step 108 may be the same or similar to the inputs used at step 78 in FIG. 3 used for the zone 1 adaption strategy. As shown in the flowchart 86, if step 108 was entered after step 102—i.e., if the lash is already complete—the strategy moves on to the zone 4 control strategy labeled “C” and described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 7. If step 108 was entered after either step 104 or 106, the strategy moves to the zone 3 strategy, labeled “B” and described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 6. The specific adaption levels determined at step 108—whether torque, duration, or both, may be retrieved from lookup tables, such as the lookup tables 82, 84 described above in conjunction with the zone 1 control strategy.

Turning to FIG. 6, a flowchart 110 illustrating a third control strategy is shown. The third control strategy is implemented after the occurrence of backlash and before the backlash is complete. Similar to step 68 and the first control strategy, a determination is made at step 112 as to what the desired torque level for the zone 3 control will be. The same or similar inputs may be used to make this determination as were used in the determination at step 68 for the zone 1 control—i.e., driveline temperature, a current gear of the transmission, the road grade, and the driver requested torque, or others. In at least some embodiments, the zone 3 torque request may be obtained by determining the maximum twist speed for each gear and vehicle speed that produces an acceptable NVH level at the completion of lash. Once the determination is made at step 112, the torque request level is applied during zone 3 as shown in step 114—this corresponds to the torque request level being reduced and moving from points 61, 61′ to the points 63, 63′ as shown in the diagrams 50, 56, respectively. As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the torque request level at zone 3 is below the highest torque request level obtained during the second control strategy of zone 2.

Similar to the zone 1 and zone 2 strategies, the zone 3 control strategy holds the torque request constant throughout the duration of zone 2 if the converter or other downstream clutch is open, such as shown in the diagram 50; conversely, the torque request level is increased throughout the zone 3 strategy if the converter or downstream clutch is locked, such as shown in the diagram 56. The rate of torque request level increase may be, for example, determined for zone 3 as it was described above for zone and 1 or zone 2. As described above, the inputs received at step 112 will be used to determine the zone 3 torque request level, but in general the torque request level will be reduced when the lash zone is entered. To continue the example provided above, if the zone 1 maximum torque request level is 20 Nm, and the maximum torque request level is 10 Nm in zone 2, the torque request level may be reduced at the start of the zone 3 control to a level of approximately 5 Nm.

After the torque request level is applied at step 114 in the flow chart 110 shown in FIG. 6, the method moves to step 116 where a calculation of the duration of the zone 3 control strategy is made. During the first iteration or application of the zone 3 control strategy, this time may be based on the various inputs received at step 112, with a desired goal of completing the zone 3 control just as the lash zone is completed. For further iterations of this step 116, the same inputs may be considered, but adaptive values may be applied to modify it from the first iteration. After the zone 3 time is determined at step 116, the method moves to step 118, where determination is made as to whether certain adaption enable conditions are met. These may be, for example, the same conditions that were used in step 74 illustrated in FIG. 3 and described in detail above; however, they may consist of different combinations or different conditions entirely as desired.

If the adaption enable conditions are not met, the method goes to step 120, where it is determined whether or not the zone 3 time limit has been exceeded. As described above, it may be desirable to traverse the lash zone in a predetermined time period and it is determined at step 120 whether this condition has been met. If it has, the strategy then moves to the zone 4 control strategy, labeled “C” and described in detail in conjunction with FIG. 7. If the time limit has not been exceeded, the zone 3 control strategy moves to step 122, where a determination is made as to whether the lash has already been completed. If it has not, the method loops back to step 118 to look at the adaption enable conditions again. If it is determined at step 122 that the lash is complete, the strategy again moves to the zone 4 control strategy described in FIG. 7.

Returning to step 118 in the flowchart 110, if it is determined that the adaption enable conditions are met, the strategy moves to step 124 where a determination is made as to whether lash is complete or the zone 3 control strategy has reached its time limit. If the answer to both of these two inquiries is negative, the method loops back to the decision block at 118 where the adaption enable conditions are again reviewed. If either of these inquiries is answered in the positive, the strategy moves to step 126 where the zone 3 adaption torque levels are determined.

Although step 126 only includes torque level adaption, other embodiments may include both torque level and duration adaption similar to step 78 shown in FIG. 3. In addition, because control strategies for zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3 have been implemented, the adaptions determined at step 126 may include a single one of any one of the three control strategies, or any combination of two or more of them. Thus, in future iterations of the zone 1, zone 2 or zone 3 control strategy, or any combination of two or more of them, a modified version of the applicable control strategy or strategies may be implemented after the adaption levels in the zone 3 control are determined. The inputs for the determinations made at step 126 may be the same or similar to the inputs used at step 78 in FIG. 3 used for the zone 1 adaption strategy. The specific adaption levels determined at step 126—whether torque, duration, or both, may be retrieved from lookup tables, such as the lookup tables 82, 84 described above in conjunction with the zone 1 control strategy. Once the adaption levels are determined, the zone 3 control strategy may be modified so that on future implementations the modified control strategy is implemented. After the adaption levels are determined at step 126, the strategy moves to the zone 4 control strategy illustrated in FIG. 7.

A fourth control strategy is implemented in zone 4 after backlash is complete. A flowchart 128 shown in FIG. 7 illustrates one implementation of such a control strategy. At step 130, a determination is made as to how to blend-in the requested torque profile. Specifically, the backlash control strategies are now ending and standard powertrain control is returning. A number of inputs may be used to make this determination, for example the same or similar inputs as were used in the determination at step 68 for the zone 1 control. One way to determine how to blend-in the requested torque is to increase the filtered torque request coming from the zone 3 control to reach the actual torque request level within a predetermined time period. This predetermined time period may be, for example, the time period of one resonant frequency, which can be based on, for example, the transmission gear and the natural frequency of the driveline. Once the desired torque profile is determined at step 130, the zone 4 control strategy moves to step 132 where the torque profile is applied. At decision block 134 it is determined whether the current torque is equal to the requested torque, and if not, the method loops back to step 132. If, however, it is determined at step 134 that the current torque does equal the requested torque, then powertrain control is returned to a standard control strategy and the backlash control strategy is ended.

While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, the features of various implementing embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for controlling backlash in a vehicle powertrain, comprising: controlling a torque request of the powertrain with a first control strategy that includes increasing the torque request to a first predetermined level after an occurrence of a backlash predictor and prior to an occurrence of backlash; modifying the first control strategy when backlash occurs during the first control strategy, including reducing a duration of the first control strategy and reducing the first predetermined level when the duration of the first control strategy is reduced to a first predetermined duration; and controlling the torque request with the modified first control strategy after another occurrence of a backlash predictor and before another occurrence of backlash.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling the torque request with a second control strategy after the first control strategy and before the occurrence of backlash such that a torque request level is below a highest torque request level obtained during the first control strategy; modifying the second control strategy when backlash occurs during the second control strategy; and controlling the torque request with the modified second control strategy after another controlling of the torque request with the first control strategy and before another occurrence of backlash.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the second control strategy includes at least one of modifying a duration of the second control strategy or modifying a duration of the first control strategy.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the second control strategy includes at least one of modifying a maximum torque level of the second control strategy or modifying the maximum torque level of the first control strategy.
 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising: controlling the torque request with a third control strategy after the occurrence of backlash and before the backlash is complete such that a torque request level is below a highest torque request level obtained during the second control strategy; modifying the third control strategy when a time to complete the backlash is outside a predetermined time period; and controlling the torque request with the modified third control strategy after another occurrence of backlash and before the other occurrence of backlash is complete.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein modifying the third control strategy includes at least one of modifying a duration of the second control strategy or modifying a duration of the first control strategy.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein modifying the third control strategy includes at least one of modifying a maximum torque level of the second control strategy or modifying a maximum torque level of the first control strategy.
 8. The method of claim 5, further comprising controlling the torque request with a fourth control strategy after the backlash is complete such that the torque request is increased to an actual torque request level within a predetermined time period.
 9. A method for controlling backlash in a vehicle powertrain, comprising: reducing at least one of a duration or a maximum torque level of a first torque control strategy when the first torque control strategy is implemented after an occurrence of a backlash predictor, a second torque control strategy is implemented after the first torque control strategy and backlash occurs before completion of the first or second torque control strategy.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising reducing at least one of a duration or a maximum torque level of the second torque control strategy when the second torque control strategy is implemented after the first torque control strategy, and backlash occurs before completion of the second torque control strategy.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising reducing at least one of a duration or a maximum torque level of a third torque control strategy when the third torque control strategy is implemented after the occurrence of backlash, and a time to complete the backlash is outside a predetermined time period.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising reducing at least one of a duration or a maximum torque level of the second torque control strategy when the third torque control strategy is implemented after the occurrence of backlash, and the time to complete the backlash is outside the predetermined time period.
 13. A system for controlling backlash in a vehicle powertrain, comprising: a control system, including at least one controller, configured to implement a first control strategy for a torque request after an occurrence of a backlash predictor and before occurrence of a backlash, modify the first control strategy when backlash occurs during the first control strategy, and implement the modified first control strategy after another occurrence of a backlash predictor and before another occurrence of backlash, and wherein the control system is further configured to: implement a second control strategy for the torque request after the first control strategy and before the occurrence of backlash, and to modify the second control strategy when backlash occurs during the second control strategy by at least one of modifying a duration of the first control strategy or the second control strategy, or modifying a maximum torque level of the first control strategy or the second control strategy, and implement a third control strategy for the torque request after the occurrence of backlash and before the backlash is complete, and to modify the third control strategy when a time to complete the backlash is outside a first predetermined time period by at least one of modifying a duration of the second control strategy or the third control strategy, or modifying a maximum torque level of the second control strategy or the third control strategy.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the control system is further configured to modify the first control strategy by at least one of modifying a duration of the first control strategy or modifying a maximum torque level of the first control strategy.
 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the control system is further configured to implement a fourth control strategy for the torque request after the backlash is complete such that the torque request is increased to an actual torque request level within a second predetermined time period. 